Bioactive Glass-Ceramic Coating of Titanium Substrates by Alkaline Hydrothermal Process

.................................................................................................................................................... ii CO-­‐AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT .......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................ xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Thesis .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.5 References .................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND BACKGROUND ....................................................... 5 2.1 Bone Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Structure and Function of Bone .................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Functions of Bone[5] ....................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Bone Cells and Remodeling .......................................................................................... 6 2.2 Dental Implants ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Indications and Contraindications for Dental Implants ................................ 10 2.3 Osseointegration ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Factors affecting osseointegration .......................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Peri-­‐implant Healing ..................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Bioactivity of Dental Implants ........................................................................................... 12 2.5 Dental Implant Materials ..................................................................................................... 14 2.5.1 Metals ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Surface Modifications of Titanium ................................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Mechanical Methods ...................................................................................................... 15